A rare cancer diagnosis is a whole new world – and language. Here are some words you may hear used by health care professionals or come across in your research. Please remember you can also ask your treating team to clarify anything you don’t understand.
a
- Abdomenstomach, stomach area, belly
- Abdominoperineal resectionsurgical removal of the anus, rectum and a portion of the sigmoid colon through an incision in the abdomen
- Ablation therapy
a minimally invasive procedure that uses extremely high or low temperatures to destroy (ablate) abnormal tissue and/or cancer cells - Acutenew, recent, comes with an urgent or significant sense, is sudden, sharp
- Adenocarcinomacancer arising from mucus-producing glands in organs
- Adenomaa benign tumour that develops from the epithelial lining of glands in the body
- Adenopathyswollen lymph nodes/glands, also known as lymphadenopathy
- Adjunct therapy/treatmentadditional medication or treatments used alongside primary treatment, also known as adjuvant or adjunctive therapy/treatment
- Adjuvant chemotherapychemotherapy given after primary treatment, such as surgery, to reduce the risk of your cancer coming back
- Adjuvant radiation therapyradiation therapy given after primary treatment, such as surgery, to reduce the risk of your cancer coming back
- Administerto give or apply medicine or treatment
- Adrenalectomyremoval of one or both adrenal glands
- Advance care planningto think about and plan for future health needs, such as having someone represent/speak for you if you are unable to speak for yourself
- Advancedat a late stage, far along
- Adverse effecta negative side effect or reaction to treatment
- Alcohol injection
a procedure that involves injecting pure ethanol (alcohol) into the tumour to kill cancer cells - ALK inhibitorspotential anti-cancer drugs that act on tumours with variations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptors
- Allergic reactionan adverse reaction to substances in the environment that are harmless to most people (known as allergens)(e.g. pollen, peanuts, medications etc)
- Allergy medications
medication used to reduce allergy symptoms, including sneezing, runny nose and itchy/watery eyes. - Allied health workershealthcare workers who support doctors and nurses by providing specialised services, including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, nutrition/diet and psychology
- Alopeciathe partial or complete absence of hair from areas of the body where it normally grows; baldness
- Alternative therapya variety of practices and exercises used alongside conventional treatment methods that may improve wellbeing and sense of control (e.g. meditation, art therapy, yoga etc.)
- Ambulatoryable to walk or move around unassisted
- Amenorrhoeaabscense of menstrual periods
- Amputationcomplete or partial removal of a limb
- Anaemiaa condition where there aren't enough red blood cells in the blood, causing fatigue, weakness and pale skin and affecting how the body responds to infection
- Anaesthetica drug or medication that causes a loss of feeling to keep you from feeling pain during a procedure
- Analgesicmedication that relieves pain, pain killers
- Anaplastica term used to describe abnormal cancer cells that grow uncontrollably in the body and have little or no resemblence to regular cells
- Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT)a type of hormone therapy used to reduce testosterone levels to treat prostate cancer
- Angiographya type of medical imaging that uses x-rays to create detailed images of arteries and assess blood flow
- Anti-emeticsmedication used to prevent nausea and/or vomiting
- Anti-inflammatory medication
medication used to reduce pain and inflammation - Antiangiogenic therapy
treatment in the form of a medication that helps prevent tumours from developing their own blood vessels - Antibiotics
medication used to kill and/or slow the growth of bacteria - Antibodya protein made by the immune system to fight against harmful substances (antigens), such as bacteria or viruses
- Anticoagulantmedication used to prevent or reduce blood clots; also known as blood thinners
- Antiplatelet therapy
medication used to prevent blood clotting - Antiseizure medicationmedication used to treat and prevent seizures
- Antiviral medication
medication used to treat viral infections - Anusthe opening where solid waste (faeces or stool) exits the body
- Apheresisa medical procedure where a machine separates a particular blood compnent from the blood and then returns the rest to the body
- Appendectomycomplete removal of the appendix
- Appendicitisinflammation of the appendix
- Areolaarea of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
- Arterya blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
- Ascitesa buildup of fluid in the abdomen
- Aspirateto draw out fluid or tissue from the body, often with a syringe
- Atrophywasting away (of tissues/muscles)
- Auditory brainstem implants
a device that is surgically inserted into the brain that provides sound to people who are deaf or hard of hearing - Axillaarmpit, underarm
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- Barium studiesa type of x-ray where barium powder is either swallowed (barium swallow) or introduced via the colon (barium enema) to coat the organs of the digestive tract and provide clearer x-ray images
- Benignnot cancerous, can grow but will not spread to other body parts
- Bilateralaffecting both sides
- Bilateral orchidectomyremoval of both testicles
- Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomyremoval of both ovaries and fallopian tubes
- Biopsy
removal of a section of tissue to analyse for cancer cells - Biphosphonates
medication that is used to treat and/or prevent bone disease - Bladdera hollow, muscular sac in the pelvis that stores urine
- Bloodthe red bodily fluid that transports oxygen and other nutrients around the body
- Blood counta test that counts red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the blood
- Blood tests
testing done to measure the levels of certain substances in the blood - Bone brace
a stabilising device used to prevent limb bowing and further bone damage - Bone grafta surgical procedure that uses bone tissue from another bone in the body or from another person to repair or rebuild damaged or diseased bones.
- Bone marrowsoft, spongy tissue found in bones that makes blood cells
- Bone marrow aspiration
a procedure that involves inserting a needle into the hipbone (or the breastbone in some cases) to remove samples of solid and liquid bone marrow. - Bone marrow transplant
a procedure that involves replacing unhealthy bone marrow with healthy bone marrow - Bone scana type of medical imaging that uses a radioactive tracer to detect bone conditions or abnormalities
- Booked admissionsa planned and booked hospital entry
- Bowelportion of the digestive system that digests food (small bowel) and absorbs salts and water (large bowel); also called intestines
- Bowel obstructiona complete or partial blockage of the bowel/intestines
- Bowel preparationa special drink (e.g. Picoprep) used to clean/clear out the bowel/intestines of any waste before an endoscopy
- Brachytherapya type of internal radiation therapy where radioactive material is placed inside or near a tumor to deliver targeted radiation
- Breakthrough paina sudden and intense onset of pain that is felt even though medication is being used
- Breast reconstructiona surgery to recreate a natural-looking breast after a mastectomy
- Breast-conserving surgerya surgical procedure where the tumour and a small amount of surrounding breast tissue are removed, also known as a lumpectomy
- Bronchoscopyan examination of the trachea and lungs with a small, flexible instrument known as a bronchoscope
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- Cancera disease where abnormal cells split without control and spread to other nearby body tissue and/or organs
- Cancer imagingtests that create detailed images of areas inside the body; also known as diagnostic imaging
- Cancer journeywhat a person experiences/lives from the time they think they have cancer
- Cancer of unknown primarya type of cancer that has spread from an unknown point of origin; also known as cancers of occult primary
- Cancer panela laboratory test that examines multiple genes at once to identify inherited genetic changes linked to an increased risk of developing certain cancers
- Cancer screeningtesting for cancer or conditions that can lead to cancer before symptoms appear
- Cancer stagingthe process of determining how big the cancer is, where it started and if it has spread to other areas
- Cancer survivora non-medical term that means different things to different people (for some, being a survivor can start at the beginning of cancer or cancer treatment, while others may use this term after their treatment and follow-up has finished)
- Cannulaa thin, plastic tube inserted into a vein or body cavity to deliver or remove fluids (e.g medication or blood samples)
- CAR T-cell therapya type of immunotherapy where a patients T-cells (a type of white blood cell in the immune system) are re-engineered to target cancer cells; also known as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy
- Carcinogena substance or agent that has the potential to cause cancer (e.g. cigarette smoking, UV rays from the sun, asbestos etc.)
- Carcinomacancer arising from tissues that line organs
- Carcinoma in situpre-cancerous condition where abnormal cells haven't spread beyond the place they developed
- Cardiomyopathya disease of the heart that causes a loss of ability to pump blood effectively
- Cathetera hollow tube put into the body to help drain fluids such as urine from the bladder or inject fluids such as long term antibiotics
- Cellsthe basic structural and functional unit of all living things
- Central linea thin, plastic tube inserted into a large vein above the heart o deliver or remove fluids (e.g. medication or blood samples)
- Chemo braina side effect/result of chemotherapy where patients may have loss of memory, find it hard to concentrate, and/or feel confused
- Chemotherapya cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells, while minimising damage to healthy cells
- Cholangiographya type of x-ray used to examine the bile ducts
- Cholecystectomyremoval of the gallbladder
- Chronica long-lasting disease that changes slowly over time
- Chronic painpersistent pain that lasts beyond the estimated healing time, often longer than 3 months
- Circumcisionremoval of the foreskin of the penis
- Clear marginwhen the border of tissue removed in cancer surgery does not contain any cancerous cells
- Clinical trials
research studies performed to test new treatments, tests or procedures and evaluate their effectiveness on various diseases - Cochlear implants
a device that is surgically inserted into the inner ear that provides sound to people who are deaf or hard of hearing - Colectomycomplete or partial removal of the colon
- Colonthe longest portion of the large bowel that absorbs water and salts from ingested food
- Colonoscopyan examination of the large intestine/bowel with a small, flexible instrument known as a colonoscope
- Colorectalrelating to the colon or rectum in the large bowel/intestine
- Colostomya surgical procedure that creates an opening (stoma) in the colon that allows stool to pass through the abdomen, can be temporary or permanent
- Colostomy baga small, waterproof pouch used to collect waste after a colostomy has been performed
- Colposcopyan examination of the cervix and vagina using a small, flexible instrument known as a colposcope
- CommunicationHow we talk to each other; how we share our knowledge, what we know with each other.
- Complementary therapies
a variety of practices and exercises used alongside conventional treatment methods that may improve wellbeing and sense of control (e.g. meditation, art therapy, yoga etc.) - Cone biopsythe surgical removal of a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix to test for cancer cells
- Constipationa condition where a person has difficulty passing faeces/stools
- Contrast (liquid)a chemical solution administered (either orally or by injection) to highlight areas in the body during medical imaging
- Corticosteroids
a type of anti-inflammatory medication that is used to treat inflammation - Craniotomya surgical procedure involving the temporary removal of a portion of the skull to access the brain
- Cryotherapy
the process of freezing off cancerous tumours and/or lesions using liquid nitrogen - CT (computed tomography) scana type of medical imaging that uses x-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the body
- Cureno evidence of disease; complete cancer remission
- Curettagea procedure where the cancer is scraped out with a small, sharp instrument (curette)
- Curettage and electrodesiccation
a procedure where the cancer is scraped out with a small, sharp instrument (curette), followed by the application of low-level heat to stop bleeding and kill any remaining cancer cells - Cystectomycomplete or partial removal of the bladder
- Cystoprostatectomyremoval of the bladder and prostate
- Cystoscopyan examination of the bladder and urethra with a small, flexible instrument known as a cystoscope
- Cystourethrectomyremoval of the bladder and urethra
- Cystsabnormal growths that are usually filled with liquid or air
- Cytopenialow levels of red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets in the blood; one or more blood cell type can be affected
- Cytoreductionremoval of as much of the tumour as possible when complete tumour removal is not possible, also known as tumour debulking
- Cytoreductive medicationmedication used to reduce levels of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the blood when they are abnormally high
- Cytoreductive surgeryremoval of all visible tumours in the abdominal cavity, often performed alongside hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC)
- Cytoscopyexamination of the bladder and urethra
- Cytotoxic (person)a person who has had chemotherapy in the last seven days produces body fluids that are dangerous for others to touch/handle
- Cytotoxic medicationmedications that are toxic to living cells used to inhibit cancer growth
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- Debulkingremoval of as much of the tumour as possible when complete tumour removal is not possible, also known as cytoreduction
- Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)a blood clot that forms in a deep vein in the body
- Diagnosisthe process of identifying a disease based on signs and symptoms, patient history and medical test results
- Diagnostic imagingtests that create detailed images of areas inside the body, also known as cancer imaging
- Diagnostic laparoscopya minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses small incisions to access the body for procedures, often used for conditions that cannot be confirmed by scans and tests alone
- Dialysis
a procedure that removes excess fluid and/or waste from the blood in people whose kidneys aren't functioning properly - Diarrhoeafrequent discharge of watery or loose stools from the body
- Dietitiana medical professional who is trained to provide advice on food and nutrition
- Digestive systema group of organs and tissues responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste
- Digital rectal examination
an examination conducted by a urologist where a finger (or digit) is inserted into the rectum to feel the anus - Dilation and curettagea minor surgical procedure that involves dilating the cervix and scraping out uterine tissue with a small, sharp instrument (curette)
- Diplopiaseeing two images of a single object, also known as double vision
- Discharge (hospital)leaving the hospital after treatment
- Discharge (wound)fluid coming out of a wound
- Distal pancreatectomyremoval of the ‘tail’ of the pancreas
- Dosethe amount of medication taken
- Dysfunctionimpaired or abnormal function; not working properly
- Dysplasiathe presence of abnormal cells in a tissue or organ
- Dyspneadifficulty breathing, shortness of breath
- Dysuriaburning, tingling and/or stinging of the urethra when urinating
e
- Early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC)an aggressive type of chemotherapy that involves applying chemotherapy directly into the abdominal cavity shortly after surgery to kill cancer cells that may remain after tumour removal; often performed alongside cytoreductive surgery
- Echocardiograma type of ultrasound that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart to assess heart structure, function and blood flow
- EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor gene)a protein involved in regulating cell growth and survival
- eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate)a test that measures how well your kidneys are filtering waste and excess water from your blood
- Electrocautery
a procedure that uses an electric current to seal off bleeding blood vessles, and to heat and destroy abnormal tissue - Electromyogram (EMG)
a diagnostic procedure used to measure the response of nerves and skeletal muscles to electrical activity - Electroretinographyan eye test that measures small electrical signals given off by the eye when exposed to different types of light
- Embolisation
a treatment that aims to reduce blood flow to the cancer and ultimately reduce cancer growth - Embolisma block in an artery that can be caused by a blood clot, infected tissue, air bubble or cancer cells
- En bloc resectionremoval of the entire tumour in a single piece with a healthy margin of tissue surrounding it
- Endocrine glandsglands responsible for the production and secretion of hormones
- Endocrine studies
studies that involve blood, urine and/or imaging tests to analyse hormone levels - Endometrial (pipelle) biopsya procedure that involves inserting a long, thin plastic tube (pipelle) into the vagina and through the cervix to gently extract a sample of tissue from the uterus for testing
- Endoscopic mucosal resectiona minimally invasive procedure that uses an endoscope to remove cancer or abnormal growths/tissue from the lining of the gastrointestinal tract
- Endoscopic ultrasoundan ultrasound taken during an endoscopy
- Endoscopya procedure that involves inserting a long, flexible tube with a light and small camera (endoscope) into the body to view internal organs
- Enduring power of attorney (medical)a person who is chosen by a patient to act and speak for the patient in all medical matters, also known as medical enduring power of attorney (MePOA)
- Enucleationremoval of the eye and attached optic nerve
- Epiduralinjection of anaesthetic into the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord to provide loss of feeling or pain relief in one area of the body for surgery or childbirth
- Erythrodermaan inflammatory skin condition characterised by intense and widespread redness of the skin
- Excisionto surgically remove/cut out
- Exploratory surgery
an exploratory surgical procedure used for conditions that cannot be confirmed by scans and tests alone - External beam radiation therapy (ERBT)a type of radiation therapy that uses high-energy rays or particles to target the cancer from a machine outside of the body
- Extraperiosteal excisionremoval of affected bone or bone lesion, as well as surrounding membrane (periosteum)
- Extrapleural pneumonectomyremoval of the diseased lung, part of the pericardium (membrane covering the heart), part of the diaphragm and part of the parietal pleura
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- Facial nerve sacrificeremoval of the facial nerve during a parotidectomy
- Faecal occult blood test (FOBT)a test used to determine if there is any trace of blood present in faeces or stool
- Faeceswaste product from the bowel sent to the anus for removal; also known as stool or poo
- Fastingto withhold from food and drink for a certain period of time; fasting time will be different for every procedure/treatment
- Fatiguea state of extreme tiredness or exhaustion, can be physical or mental
- Febrileto have a fever; high body temperature above 38 degrees Celsius
- Febrile neutropeniaa fever together with a major reduction/loss of white blood cells
- Fistulaan abnormal connection or passage between two organs, vessels, or cavities in the body that do not usually connect
- Flap surgerya type of plastic surgery where healthy tissue is moved from one area of the body to another to reconstruct an area that was damaged or removed
- Flexible sigmoidoscopyexamination of the lower portion of the large intestine and rectum with small, flexible instrument known as a sigmoidoscope
- Fluorescein angiography
an eye test that involves using a special dye and camera to examine blood flow in the retina and choroid
- Functional tumourstumours that produce and secrete hormones
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- Gastrectomycomplete or partial removal of the stomach
- Gastro-oesophageal junctionthe area where the oesophagus and the stomach meet
- Gastroenterologythe study of the digestive system and related diseases
- Gastronomy tube (G-tube)a feeding tube surgically inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall directly into the stomach to get fluids/food/liquids to and from the stomach
- Gastroscopyexamination of the stomach and part of the small bowel with a small, flexible instrument known as a gastroscope
- General anaesthetica type of anaesthesia that affects the whole body and causes you to be unconscious throughout a procedure
- Genetic testing
a procedure that analyses DNA to identify changes in genes, chromosomes and proteins, which can be used to analyse tumour DNA to help determine which treatment has the greatest chance of success - Germ cellsa cell that develops into reproductive cells (eggs in females, sperm in males)
- Glans resurfacingremoval of the top layer of tissue on the glans portion of the penis, a skin graft may also be required to replace tissue taken
- Glansectomycomplete of partial removal of the glans portion of the penis
- Glossectomycomplete or partial removal of the tongue
- GP (general practitioner)local family doctors found in the community who treat people of all ages with different health problems. GPs can also coordinate and help patients see and share information with other specialist doctors and hospitals.
- Gradea description of how abnormal cancer cells and tissue look under a microscope when compared to healthy cells
- Groinarea between the abdomen and thighs
- Gynaecologythe study of the female reproductive system and related diseases
h
- Haematologythe study of blood and related diseases
- Haematuriathe presence of blood in urine
- Haemoptysiscoughing up blood
- HDU (high dependency unit)a hospital ward that provides more extensive observation, treatment and care, often an intermediate between intensive care and general ward care; one nurse to two patients
- Hemicolectomyremoval of a portion of the colon; can be the right side (right hemicolectomy) or the left side (left hemicolectomy)
- Hepatectomycomplete or partial removal of the liver
- Hepatomegalyenlargement of the liver
- Herniathe protrusion of organs or tissue through a weakened section of the abdomen
- High anterior resectionremoval of the lower left end of the colon and the upper portion of the rectum
- HMO (house medical officer)a junior doctor employed by a hospital to provide care and treatment as they train in a specialty field such as cancer, also known as a resident
- Home oxygen therapy
a treatment that increases the amount of oxygen in the blood to assist people with breathing difficulties - Hormonea chemical substance produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulates various functions in the body
- Hormone replacement therapy
medication that increase the levels of certain hormones in the body - Hormone therapy
medication that alters the levels of certain hormones in the body, such as oestrogen and progesterone - Hydrocephalusa build up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, causing pressure and potentially damaging brain tissue
- Hydromyeliaabnormal widening of central canal of the spinal cord
- Hydronephrosisa condition where one or both kidneys become swollen due to urine retention
- Hypercalcaemiaexcess levels of calcium in the blood
- Hyperglycaemiahigh blood sugar
- Hypertensionhigh blood pressure
- Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC)an aggressive type of chemotherapy that involves applying chemotherapy that has been heated to 42 degrees Celcius to the abdominal cavity to kill cancer cells that may remain after tumour removal; often performed alongside cytoreductive surgery
- Hypocalcaemiaabnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
- Hypoglycaemialow blood sugar
- Hypokalaemialow levels of potassium in the blood
- Hyponatraemialow levels of sodium in the blood
- Hypotensionlow blood pressure
- Hypothyroidisma condition that occurs when the thyroid doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones, also known as underactive thyroid
- Hysterectomycomplete or partial removal of the uterus
- Hysteroscopyexamination of the uterus with a small, flexible instrument known as a hysteroscope
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- ICU (intensive care unit)a hospital ward that provides highly specialised care and life support for critically ill patients
- Ileostomya surgical procedure that creates an opening (stoma) in the ileum (part of the small intestine) that allows faeces to pass through the abdomen. This option is generally used when a colostomy can't be performed.
- Ileusa temporary condition where the intestine is unable to push food and waste out of the body, may occur after abdominal or pelvic surgery
- Imaging
tests that create detailed images of areas inside the body - Immunoglobulin replacement therapy
a procedure that involves administering antibodies collected from plasma donations either into the vein (intravenously) or under the skin (subcutaneously) - Immunomodulatory therapy
medication used to modify the body's immune system - Immunosuppressive medication
medication that decrease the activity of the immune system - Immunotherapy
a treatment that uses a person's immune system to fight cancer - Incontinenceloss of control over release of urine or faeces
- Infectiona condition where harmful pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses or parasites, have entered the body
- Informed consenta process in which a patient receives detailed information about a procedure or treatment, including its potential risks, benefits, and alternatives. The patient then has the opportunity to understand the information and voluntarily agree to the procedure or treatment.
- Infusionto slowly introduce/give fluid into a vein
- Interferon therapy
a treatment that uses synthetic versions of proteins made by the body to fight cancer - International Normalised Ration (INR)a blood test that measures how quickly your blood clots
- Intestinesportion of the digestive system that digests food (small intestine) and absorbs salts and water (large intestine), also called bowel
- Intramuscularinto or within a muscle
- Intravenousinto or within a vein
- Intravitreal chemotherapya type of chemotherapy that involves delivering chemotherapy medication directly into the vitreous humor (gel-like fluid inside the eye)
- Intussusceptiona serious condition that occurs when part of the intestine slides into another part of the intestine causing a bowel obstruction
- Iridectomypartial removal of the iris
- Iridocyclectomypartial removal of the iris and the ciliary body
- Isotopea radioactive substance, usually belonging to nuclear medicine, that is used for testing, imaging and/or treatment of cancer
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- Jaundiceyellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes
k
- Keyhole surgerya minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses small incisions to access the body for procedures, also known as laparoscopy
- Kidneya pair of bean-shaped organs in the abdomen that are responsible for filtering excess water and waste products from the blood and converting them into urine to be removed from the body
- KIT inhibitors
medication that targets the c-KiT receptor to inhibit tumour growth and survival
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- Laparoscopya minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses small incisions to access the body for procedures, also known as keyhole surgery
- Laryngectomycomplete or partial removal of the larynx
- Laryngoscopy/microlaryngoscopyexamination of the larynx with a small, flexible instrument known as a laryngoscope
- Larynpharyngectomycomplete or partial removal of the larynx and pharynx
- Laser therapy
a procedure that uses an infrared laser to raise the temperature of the tumour to shrink and damage cancer cells - Lateral temporal bone resection (LTBR)complete or partial removal of the temporal bone, often including the ear drum and other tissues/structures used for hearing
- Lethargylack of energy, fatigue
- Leukaemiacancer of blood and/or blood forming tissues
- Leukapheresisa procedure used to quickly reduce dangerously high levels of white blood cells to a safer level
- Leukocytosishigh levels of white blood cells in the blood
- Leukopeniaa low level of white blood cells in the blood
- Limb-sparing surgerysurgery to remove the cancer only and salvage the affected limb
- Lobectomya surgical procedure where a lobe of an organ (e.g. the lung) is removed
- Local anaesthetica type of anaesthesia that affects a specific area of the body, allowing the patient to remain conscious throughout the procedure
- Localisedaffecting only one area of body
- Lumbar puncture
a procedure that involves inserting a needle between two vertebrae in the lower spine and extracting a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis - Lumpectomya surgical procedure where the tumour and a small amount of surrounding breast tissue are removed, also known as breast conserving surgery
- Lymph cellsThat come together into small bean-shaped groups that are spread through the lymphatic system. Their job is to act as filters to get rid of bacteria and germs and to fight infection. Lymph nodes get bigger when they react\fight with infections or cancer -- major lymph nodes are found in the neck, armpit, chest, abdomen (belly area) and groin area (between the abdomen and upper thighs).
- Lymph fluida clear watery fluid that carries nutrients around the body and removes unwanted bacteria/viruses
- Lymph nodessmall bean-shaped structures that filters harmful substances from lymph fluid
- Lymph vesselsa network/chain of thin tubes that moves lymph fluid around the body
- Lymphadenectomysurgical removal of lymph node(s)
- Lymphadenopathyswollen lymph nodes/glands, also known as adenopathy
- Lymphatic systema network of tissues and organs that help our bodies fight infection and disease
- Lymphoedemaabnormal swelling in the body (usually in the arms or legs) that is caused by a buildup of lymph fluid
- Lymphomacancers of the lymphatic system
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- Macroglossiaa condition characterised by an abnormally large or oversized tongue
- Malaisegeneral feeling of being unwell
- Malignantcancerous, may grow and spread to other areas of the body
- Mammograma type of medical imaging that uses x-rays to create detailed images of breast tissue
- Mandibulectomycomplete or partial removal of the lower jaw bone (mandible)
- Mandibulotomya type of surgery that involves cutting the jawbone to allow better access to the back of the throat, before a jaw reconstruction with titanium plates
- Massa growth of cells that come together to make a lump, may or may not be cancer
- Mastectomycomplete or partial removal of one or both breasts
- Mastoidectomysurgery to remove diseased or dead cells in the air-filled spaces of the mastoid bone of the skull
- Maxillectomycomplete or partial removal of the upper jaw bone (maxilla)
- Mediastinoscopyexamination of the mediastinum (area between the lungs) with a small, flexible instrument called a mediastinoscope
- Mediastinumthe space between the lungs that holds many important structures, including the heart, trachea and oesophagus
- Medical emergency team calla team of doctors and nurses that respond to a call for urgent medical help, also known as a MET call
- Medical enduring power of attorney (MePOA)a person who is chosen by a patient to act and speak for the patient in all medical matters, also known as enduring power of attorney (medical)
- Medical oncologista doctor who specialises in the study, diagnosis and treatment of cancer
- Megalencephalya condition characterised by an abnormally large brain
- Melanomaa type of cancer that develops from melanocytes, which are the cells that produce pigment generally in the skin (but can develop in other areas of the body)
- Menorrhagiamenstrual bleeding that lasts more than a week
- Metastasiswhen the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, also known as mets
- MIBG scana type of medical imaging that uses radioactive tracers to detect overactive parathyroid glands or neuroendocrine tumours; also known as a MIBI or sestamibi scan
- Mobility aidsdevices that help people with mobility issues move around (e.g. crutches, wheelchairs etc.)
- Modified radical neck dissectionremoval of tissues in one or both sides of the neck from the jawbone to the collarbone, including all lymph nodes and potentially other structures
- Mohs micrographic surgeryspecialised surgery that removes thin layers of cancer in stages until completely removed
- Monitorto check on, keep track of
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)a type of medical imaging that uses radiowaves, a strong magnet and computer technology to create detailed images of the body
- MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureas)a type of bacteria that has become immune to a range of antibiotics
- Multidisciplinary teama team of health specialists such as medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, nurses, allied health and pharmacists who work together to treat patients
- Muscle mass
the total amount of skeletal muscle tissue in the body - Myelopathyan injury to the spinal cord caused by severe compression
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- Nadira point in time, after chemotherapy, when blood count is lowest
- Nasoendoscopyexamination of the lining of the nasal passages and the nasopharynx with a small, flexible instrument known as a nasoendoscope
- Nasogastric tube (NG tube)a thin, soft tube that goes in through the nose, down the throat, and into the stomach to get fluids/food/liquids to and from the stomach, also known as a NG tube
- Nauseato feel sick or likely to vomit
- NCTa unique identification code assigned to each clinical study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Nebuliser (nebs)a machine that changes liquid medication into a fine spray to inhale
- Necroticdead cells or tissue
- Neoadjuvant therapy/treatmenttherapy/treatment to shrink or slow a tumour before giving the primary treatment (e.g. radiation therapy or chemotherapy prior to surgery)
- Neobladdera surgical procedure to create a new bladder out of a portion of the small intestine
- Nephrectomycomplete or partial removal of affected kidney(s)
- Nephroureterectomycomplete removal of affected kidney and ureter
- Nerve conduction studies
a diagnostic procedure used to measure the speed of electrical impulses through a nerve - Nerve repair surgerysurgery to repair any nerve damage that occurs as a result of a tumour or prior surgery
- Neurological examination
an assessment of sensory and motor functions, such as vision, balance and coordination - Neutropeniaa condition where there are low levels of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the body
- Neutrophilsa type of white blood cell that act as a first responder to infections in the body
- Next of kin (NOK)generally defined as your closest living relative or legal partner (e.g. parents, children, spouse etc.)
- Nodea small lump or mass of tissue in your body
- Non-functional tumourstumours that do not produce and secrete hormones
- Normothermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (NIPEC)an aggressive type of chemotherapy that involves applying chemotherapy at room-temperature to the abdominal cavity to kill cancer cells that may remain after tumour removal; often performed alongside cytoreductive surgery
- NTRK (neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase) gene fusiona genetic mutation that occurs when a NTRK gene fuses with another gene, causing the production of abnormal proteins called TRK fusion proteins, which can cause cancer cells to grow
- Nuclear medicinea specialised area of radiology that involves the use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
- Nurse unit manager (NUM)a nurse who manages other nurses in their unit
- Nutritionthe intake of food and fluid that is used to sustain life
- Nutritionista medical professional who is trained to provide advice on food and nutrition
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- Observation (Obs)checking a person’s vital signs such as blood pressure, heartrate, temperature and oxygen saturation (amount of oxygen in the blood), also known as obs
- Oedemaswelling in parts of the body caused by a buildup of fluid, also known as fluid retention
- Oesophagectomycomplete or partial removal of the oesophagus
- Oesophagogastrectomyremoval of part or all of the oesophagus, as well as the upper portion of the stomach
- Oesophagoscopyexamination of the oesophagus with a small, flexible instrument called a oesophagoscope
- Omentectomya surgical procedure to remove part or all of the omentum, a fatty layer of tissue that surrounds the abdominal organs
- Oncologista doctor who specialises in the study, diagnosis and treatment of cancer
- Oncologythe study, diagnosis and treatment of cancer
- Ophthalmic artery infusion chemotherapya type of chemotherapy that involves delivering chemotherapy medication directly to the eye via infusion into the ophthalmic artery
- Ophthalmoscopyan examination of the back of the eye (fundus) to visualise the retina, optic disc and/or blood vessels; also known as a fundoscopy
- Opioidsa class of drugs used for moderate to severe pain relief (e.g. morphine, fentanyl, codeine, oxycodone, methadone etc.)
- Orbital exenterationcomplete removal of the eyesocket, including the eyeball and surrounding tissues (muscles, nerves, fatty tissue, and potentially the eyelids)
- Orchidectomy
removal of one or both testicles, also known as orchiectomy - Orchiectomyremoval of one or both testicles, also known as orchidectomy
- Organ transplant
a surgical procedure that involves removing a failing or damaged organ and replacing it with a healthy one from a donor - Orthostatic hypotensiona form of low blood pressure that occurs when you stand up after sitting or lying down; also known as postural hypotension
- Osteosclerosisabnormal hardening of the bone
- Oxygen Saturation (Sats)the amount of oxygen in the blood
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- Paediatricsthe study and medical care relating to infants, children and adolescents and related diseases
- Palliative care
a variety of practices and exercises used to provide pain relief and improve quality of life without curing the disease - Pancreasa long, flat organ that sits between the stomach and the spine that plays a key role in digestion and blood sugar regulation
- Pancreaticoduodenectomyremoval of part of the pancreas (generally the head), the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), part of the stomach, the gallbladder, and part of the common bile duct; also known as a Whipple procedure
- Pancreatitisinflammation of the pancreas
- Paraneoplastic syndromesa group of rare disorders that occur when the immune system has a reaction to a cancerous tumour within the body
- Parotidectomycomplete or partial removal of the parotid gland
- PARP inhibitora type of targeted therapy that blocks the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzyme, which plays a role in DNA repair - this can stop cancer cells from repairing themselves
- Pathogensany substance or organism that has the potential to cause disease (e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites etc.)
- Pathologista doctor who specialises in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination and testing of body tissue
- Pathologythe study of disease
- Patient controlled analgesia (PCA)a method of pain relief that allows the patient to adminster their own medication through an electronic pump connected to an IV infusion
- PD1/PDL1 inhibitorsa group of checkpoint inhibitor anticancer drugs that block the activity of PD-1 and PDL1 immune checkpoint proteins present on the surface of cells
- Pelvic areathe lower part of the abdomen area, covers from hip to hip and waist to groin (body part that ends at top of thighs/legs).
- Pelvic examinationa physical exam of the external and internal female pelvic organs
- Pelvic ultrasounda type of medical imaging that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the organs and structures within the pelvis, including the uterus, ovaries, and surrounding tissues
- Penectomycomplete or partial removal of the penis
- Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)a targeted cancer treatment that uses radioactive substances (radionuclides) to deliver radiation directly to tumour cells
- Perianalarea surrounding the anus
- Pericardial effusionabnormal fluid build-up in the pericardium
- Pericardiectomyremoval of the pericardial layer of tissue covering the heart
- Pericardiumfluid-filled sac membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
- Perineal prostatectomyremoval of the prostate through an incision made in the skin between the anus and scotum
- Perineumthe space between the scrotum and anus in males, and vaginal opening and anus in females
- Peritonectomyremoval of the peritoneum
- Peritoneumthe membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
- PET (positron emission tomography) scana type of medical imaging that uses radioactive tracers to create detailed images of the body
- Petechiaea rash of small, red dots due to small superficial capillary bleeds; generally smaller than purpura
- Phlebitisthe inflammation of a vein
- Phlebotomya procedure where a needle is used to draw blood from a vein, also known as venepuncture or venesection
- Photodynamic therapy
a procedure that involves inserting a light-sensitive drug (photosensitiser) to shrink and damage cancer cells when exposed to a light source - Physical examination
an examination of your current symptoms, affected area(s) and overall medical history - Physiotherapytherapy used to develop, maintain and restore physical function and movement
- PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) linea type of central line that inserted into a vein in the arm, providing long-term access to larger veins near the heart for administering medications, fluids, or drawing blood
- Plasma exchange
a procedure to remove and replace plasma in the blood - Plateletpheresis
removal of excess platelets from the blood - Plateletssmall disc-shaped blood cells that clump together to form clots to stop bleeding
- Pleomorphicmany forms; cells that have different size, shape etc.
- Pleuraa thin layer of tissue covering the lungs and the wall of the interior chest cavity
- Pleural effusionabnormal fluid build-up in the pleural space, which can cause chest pain and breathing difficulties
- Pleurectomy and decorticationcomplete or partial removal of the pleura, as well as removal of visible tumours
- Pneumonectomycomplete removal of affected lung
- Polydactylya condition where a person has extra fingers and/or toes
- Polydipsiaabnormal or escessive thirst
- Polypa projecting growth of tissue that generally develops on a mucous membrane such as the colon
- Polyuriafrequent urination
- Porta small surgically implanted device placed under the skin that provides long-term access to a large vein, usually in the chest or upper arm, for the administration of medication or fluids. It may also be used to take blood samples.
- Portal vein embolisation
a procedure used to selectively block blood flow to a section of the liver, which is usually done prior to surgical removal of liver tumours - Post platelet incrementthe increase in platelet count observed after a platelet transfusion
- Priapismprolonged penile erection
- Proctocolectomysurgical removal of the colon and rectum
- Proctoscopyexamination of the rectum and anus with a small, flexible instrument called a proctoscope
- Prognosisto predict how a disease/condition may progress and what the outcome might be
- Prophylaxistreatment or action taken to prevent disease
- Proptosisbulging or protrusion of one or both of the eyes out of the eye sockets, also known as exophthalmos
- Prostatea walnut-shaped gland in the male reproductive system that is responsible for producing semen - a bodily fluid that acts as a vessel for sperm transport during ejaculation
- Prostatectomycomplete or partial removal of the prostate gland
- Proteasome inhibitors
medication that inhibits the action of proteasomes, which are substances that break down proteins in the body - Proteinuriaexcess protien in urine
- Proton beam therapy
a procedure that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often in the treatment of cancer - Proton pump inhibitors
medication that reduce the amount of stomach acid produced by the body - Pruritusitchiness, wanting to scratch
- PSA (prostate specific antigen)a protein produced by the prostate gland that acts as a tumour marker for prostate cancer
- Psychiatrista doctor who specialises in the study, diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioural disorders
- Psycho-oncologythe study of the psychological, behavioural and social effects of cancer
- PTCH1a type of tumour supressor gene involved in the formation of tissues and organs, cell growth and cell division during embryonic development
- Pulmonary function test
a test that examines how well your lungs are working - Purpuraa rash of small, red dots due to small superficial capillary bleeds; generally larger than petichiae
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- Quality of lifethe overall well-being of a person diagnosed with cancer, encompassing both physical and emotional aspects of health
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- Radiation oncologista doctor who specialises in treating cancer with radiation therapy
- Radiation therapista healthcare professional who is trained to administer radiation therapy
- Radiation therapy
a treatment that uses controlled doses of radiation to damage or kill cancer cells - Radical neck dissectionremoval of tissues in one or both sides of the neck from the jawbone to the collarbone, including all lymph nodes, sternocleidomastoid muscle, submandibular gland, internal jugular vein and spinal accessory nerve
- Radicular painpain that radiates from your back to other parts of the body, such as the legs and hips
- Radioactive tracersubstances used in medical imaging (most commonly PET scans) to visualise and analyse the function of organs and tissues by detecting the radiation they emit after being introduced into the body
- Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
a minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to destroy abnormal tissue and/or cancer cells - Radiographythe use of radiation to create detailed images of areas inside the body
- Reboreremoval of prostate tissue through the urethra that is blocking the flow of urine from the bladder
- Reconstructive surgerysurgery to restore appearance and/or function to an area of the body
- Rectumthe last section of the large intestine/bowel that holds waste until it is ready to be removed from the body
- Recurrenceto occur or happen again
- Recurrent (cancer)cancer that has come back after a time when it could no longer be found/seen. Recurrent cancer can come or start again in the same place as before (the first original/primary cancer) or can restart in another place in the body
- Referral (or referral letter)a letter from your doctor to another doctor or healthcare service for specialised care, diagnosis or treatment
- Relapsethe return of disease
- Remissiona reduction or absence of symptoms in disease, can be partial or complete
- Resectionsurgical removal of tissue or part/all of an organ
- Residenta junior doctor employed by a hospital to provide care and treatment as they train in a specialty field such as cancer
- Retroperitoneuma space located behind the abdomen that contains many important bodily structures, such as the kidneys
- Retropubic prostatectomyremoval of the prostate through an incision in the abdomen
- Riskthe possibility that something bad will happen
- Robotic surgeryusing a robot that a surgeon guides to perform surgery
- ROS1 genea gene that produces a protein involved in cell signalling and growth; mutated forms of the ROS1 gene have been found in certain types of cancer
- Rotationplastya limb-salvage surgery used to treat tumours of or around the knee; the knee and a portion of the thigh are removed, and the lower leg is rotated 180 degrees and reattached. The ankle joint will function as the new knee and a prosthetic leg will act as the lower leg
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- Salpingectomyremoval of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) fallopian tubes
- Sarcomacancer arising from bones and/or soft tissue
- Screeningtesting for cancer or conditions that can lead to cancer before symptoms appear, also known as cancer screening
- Second opinionwhen a patient seeks another evaluation from a different doctor
- Secondary cancercancer that has spread from another part of the body, also known as metastasis or mets
- Sedativea medication used to calm a person or help them sleep
- Segmentectomy (lung)
removal of a portion of a lobe of the lung - Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT).a type of radiation treatment that combines embolisation with internal radiation therapy
- Selective neck dissectionremoval of some of the lymph nodes in the neck region while preserving other tissues and structures, also known as partial neck dissection
- Sentinel nodethe first lymph node(s) to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary/original tumour
- Sepsis pathwaya clinical document that helps health professionals recognise and manage sepsis
- Sestamibi scana type of medical imaging that uses radioactive tracers to detect overactive parathyroid glands or neuroendocrine tumours; also known as a MIBI or MIBG scan
- Shunt insertion
a procedure to relieve build-up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain - Sialoadenectomyremoval of one or more salivary glands
- Side effectan unintended effect of medication or treatment, is often negative or unwanted
- Sigmoid colectomysurgery to remove the sigmoid colon
- Sim (simulation for radiotherapy)an appointment that involves the process of accurately locating and marking the target area for radiation treatment using imaging scans
- Small intestinea section of the gastrointestinal tract that recieves food from the stomach and absorbs the nutrients from food, also called small bowel
- Soft tissuetissue/the material that joins, holds up or surrounds inside body parts such as fat, muscle, ligaments and lining around joints
- Somatostatin analogues (SSAs)
medication used to inhibit excessive hormone production - Specimena sample for investigating (e.g. blood, stools, urine, sputum etc.)
- SPECT scan (single photon emission computed tomography)a type of CT scan that uses a radioactive tracer and computer technology to create 3D images of areas inside the body
- Splenectomyremoval of the spleen
- Splenomegalyenlargement of the spleen
- Sputuma mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract
- Sputum cytology
an examination of sputum (or mucus) from your lungs to see if any cancer cells are present - Stagingthe process of determining how big the cancer is, where it started and if it has spread to other areas
- Steatorrheaa condition where there is too much fat in faeces/stool, causing very foul-smelling stool that floats
- Stem cell transplant
a procedure that involves replacing unhealthy blood-forming cells (stem cells) with healthy stem cells - Stent placementinsertion of a thin wire into a vessel (such as an artery) to help keep it open and prevent narrowing or blockage
- Stereotactic ablative body radiation (SABR)a precise radiation therapy technique that delivers high doses of radiation to tumors while minimising damage to surrounding healthy tissues, may be given to patients who can't undergo surgery
- Stomasurgically created opening on the body, usually in the abdomen, that allows waste to be removed from the body
- Stoolwaste product from the bowel sent to the anus for removal; also known as faeces or poo
- Subcutaneousunder the skin
- Supportive treatments
a variety of practices and services used to help people with cancer manage their physical, emotional and practical needs - Surgery
treatment involving removal of cancerous tissue and/or tumours and a margin of healthy tissue around it to reduce recurrence - Surgical margina section of tissue surrounding cancerous tissue that is sent for testing to ensure all cancerous cells have been removed
- Surgical oncologista doctor who specialises in diagnosisng and treating cancer with surgery
- Survivorshipthe ongoing care and support people with cancer receive after cancer diagnosis and treatment
- Suturesstitches; to sew up a wound on the body
- Syncopefainting or passing out
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- Tachycardiaa rapid heart rate; clinically defined as a rate of more than 100 beats per minute
- Targeted therapy
medication that targets specific molecular features of cancer cells - TEDs or TED stockings (thrombo embolic deterrent)a tight, elastic stocking that puts a little bit of pressure/squeeze on the legs to help healthy blood flow and stop blood from clotting in the veins
- Telangiectasiasmall, widened, red/purple blood vessels that are visible on the surface of the skin, also known as spider veins
- Telehealththe provision of healthcare remotely by means of telecommunications technology
- Tendonsa type of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
- Testicular prosthetic surgeryinsertion of a prosthetic testicle(s) after an orchidectomy
- Thoracentesis
a procedure that drains the fluid from your lungs using a needle - Thoracoscopyexamination of the inside of the chest cavity with a small, flexible instrument known as a thorascope
- Thrombocytopenialow levels of platelets in the blood
- Thymectomycomplete or partial removal of the thymus gland
- Thyroidectomycomplete or partial removal of the thyroid gland
- Tinnitusringing in one or both ears
- Tissuea group of cells that work together to perform a function
- Tissue biopsyremoval of a section of tissue to analyse for cancer cells
- TNM (tumour, node, metastasis)a system to classify or label tumours
- Total pancreatectomycomplete removal of the pancreas
- Tracheathe tube that connects your voicebox (larynx) to the lungs, also known as a windpipe
- Trachelectomycomplete or partial removal of the cervix
- Tracheostomya surgical procedure to create an opening in the neck and into the trachea to allow air to enter the lungs
- Trans-oral robotic surgery (TORS)a minimally invasive procedure that can remove cancers of the head and neck with a robotic system or laser surgery without making any external incisions
- Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE)
a minimally invasive procedure that involves injecting high doses of chemotherapy to restrict a tumours blood supply - Transfusion therapy
a procedure where blood or blood components are transferred into your bloodstream - Transscleral resectionremoval of an eye tumour (most commonly uveal melanoma) in the ciliary body or choroid through an incision in the sclera
- Transsphenoidal surgerya minimally invasive procedure to remove pituitary tumors by accessing them through an incision in the nose and sphenoid sinus
- Transurethral resection (TUR)removal of abnormal tissue through a tool inserted into the urethra
- Transvaginal ultrasounda type of pelvic ultrasound that involves inserting a device (known as a transducer) into the vagina to produce sound waves and create images of internal female reproductive organs in greater detail
- Trimodal therapy
a treatment involving a combination of a TURBT surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy - TRUS (transrectal ultrasound)a type of ultrasound that involves inserting a device (known as a transducer) into the rectum to produce sound waves and create images of the rectum, prostate gland and surrounding tissues in greater detail; also known as an endorectal ultrasound
- Tumoura tissue mass that forms from groups of unhealthy cells
- Tumour markersa substance in the body that can be used to indicate cancer, these substances are often made by cancer cells
- Tumour progressionthe process by which a tumor grows and develops over time, becoming more aggressive and potentially spreading to other parts of the body
- Tumour treating fields (TTF) therapy
a procedure that uses alternating electric fields to disrupt cancer cell division - TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate)removal of prostate tissue through the urethra that is blocking the flow of urine from the bladder
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- Ultra-low anterior resectionremoval of the lower left part of the colon and part or all of the rectum
- Ultrasounda type of medical imaging that uses soundwaves to create detailed images of the body
- Unilateralaffecting one side
- Unilateral orchidectomyremoval of one testicle
- Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomyremoval of one ovary and fallopian tube
- Unknown primary origina cancer that has spread without knowing where it first started
- Ureteroscopyexamination of the bladder and ureters using a small, flexible instrument called a ureteroscope
- Urethrathe tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body
- Urethrectomycomplete or partial removal of the urethra
- Urinary diversioncreating a new pathway for urine to exit the body when urine flow is blocked
- Urine tests
testing done to measure the levels of certain substances in the urine - Uro-oncologythe study, diagnosis and treatment of cancers affecting the urinary tract or male reproductuve system
- Urologythe study of the urinary system and male reproductive system
- Urostomya surgical procedure that creates a new opening (stoma) in the abdomen to allow urine to drain from the body when the bladder is removed or not functioning properly
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- Vaccine therapies
a treatment that helps the body's immune system recognise and target specifc antigens on cancer cells to trigger an immune response - Vaginal reconstructionthe creation of a new vagina using skin and muscle from other parts of the body
- Vaginectomycomplete or partial removal of the vagina
- VATS (video assisted thoracic surgery)a minimally invasive surgical procedure where a tiny camera and surgical tools are inserted into the chest through one or more small cuts in the chest wall, allowing images to be projected onto a screen and giving the surgeon an unobstructed view of the thoracic region (chest)
- Veina blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart to get oxygen
- Venepuncturea procedure where a needle is used to draw blood from a vein, also known as phlebotomy or venesection
- Venesection
controlled removal of blood to reduce excess blood levels rapidly - Venographya type of medical imaging that uses x-rays to create detailed images of veins and assess blood flow
- Vertigodizziness, a sensation of spinning or moving
- Vessela tube that carries bodily fluid, such as blood or lymph fluid, around the body
- Void or voidedto eliminate urine or waste from the body; more commonly used to describe urination
- VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus)a type of bacteria that has become immune to a range of antibiotics
- Vulvectomycomplete or partial removal of the vulva
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- Watch and wait
the close monitoring of a cancer without giving treatment until symptoms appear or worsen - Wedge resectiona surgical procedure where a small, triangular portion of tissue or organ is removed
- Whipple procedureremoval of part of the pancreas (generally the head), the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), part of the stomach, the gallbladder, and part of the common bile duct; also known as a pancreaticoduodenectomy
- Wide local excisionremoval of cancerous tissue and a margin of healthy tissue around it to prevent cancer recurrence
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- X-raya type of medical imaging that uses x-ray beams to create detailed images of the body